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Ensure that you escape any help text that may come from untrusted users to avoid a cross-site scripting attack. If True , this field is the primary key for the model.

The type of auto-created primary key fields can be specified per app in AppConfig. For more, see Automatic primary key fields. Only one primary key is allowed on an object.

The primary key field is read-only. If you change the value of the primary key on an existing object and then save it, a new object will be created alongside the old one. If True , this field must be unique throughout the table. This is enforced at the database level and by model validation. If you try to save a model with a duplicate value in a unique field, a django.

This option is valid on all field types except ManyToManyField and OneToOneField. Set this to the name of a DateField or DateTimeField to require that this field be unique for the value of the date field. Note that if you set this to point to a DateTimeField , only the date portion of the field will be considered. This is enforced by Model. A human-readable name for the field. See Verbose field names. A list of validators to run for this field. See the validators documentation for more information.

An IntegerField that automatically increments according to available IDs. See Automatic primary key fields. A bit integer, much like an AutoField except that it is guaranteed to fit numbers from 1 to A bit integer, much like an IntegerField except that it is guaranteed to fit numbers from to The default form widget for this field is a NumberInput. A field to store raw binary data. It can be assigned bytes , bytearray , or memoryview.

The maximum length in bytes of the field. Abusing BinaryField. This field is not a replacement for proper static files handling. The default value of BooleanField is None when Field. For large amounts of text, use TextField. The default form widget for this field is a TextInput. CharField has the following extra arguments:. The maximum length in characters of the field.

Refer to the database backend notes for details. Collation names are not standardized. As such, this will not be portable across multiple database backends. A date, represented in Python by a datetime. date instance. Has a few extra, optional arguments:. Automatically set the field to now every time the object is saved. The field is only automatically updated when calling Model. update , though you can specify a custom value for the field in an update like that.

Automatically set the field to now when the object is first created. Useful for creation of timestamps. So even if you set a value for this field when creating the object, it will be ignored. The default form widget for this field is a DateInput. Any combination of these options will result in an error.

A date and time, represented in Python by a datetime. datetime instance. Takes the same extra arguments as DateField. The default form widget for this field is a single DateTimeInput. The admin uses two separate TextInput widgets with JavaScript shortcuts.

A fixed-precision decimal number, represented in Python by a Decimal instance. It validates the input using DecimalValidator. The maximum number of digits allowed in the number. For example, to store numbers up to The default form widget for this field is a NumberInput when localize is False or TextInput otherwise. For more information about the differences between the FloatField and DecimalField classes, please see FloatField vs.

You should also be aware of SQLite limitations of decimal fields. A field for storing periods of time - modeled in Python by timedelta. When used on PostgreSQL, the data type used is an interval and on Oracle the data type is INTERVAL DAY 9 TO SECOND 6.

Otherwise a bigint of microseconds is used. Arithmetic with DurationField works in most cases. However on all databases other than PostgreSQL, comparing the value of a DurationField to arithmetic on DateTimeField instances will not work as expected. A CharField that checks that the value is a valid email address using EmailValidator. This attribute provides a way of setting the upload directory and file name, and can be set in two ways.

In both cases, the value is passed to the Storage. save method. This will be called to obtain the upload path, including the filename.

This callable must accept two arguments and return a Unix-style path with forward slashes to be passed along to the storage system. The two arguments are:. An instance of the model where the FileField is defined. More specifically, this is the particular instance where the current file is being attached.

In most cases, this object will not have been saved to the database yet, so if it uses the default AutoField , it might not yet have a value for its primary key field. A storage object, or a callable which returns a storage object. This handles the storage and retrieval of your files. See Managing files for details on how to provide this object. The default form widget for this field is a ClearableFileInput.

Using a FileField or an ImageField see below in a model takes a few steps:. If you upload a file on Jan. The file is saved as part of saving the model in the database, so the actual file name used on disk cannot be relied on until after the model has been saved. Internally, this calls the url method of the underlying Storage class. Also note that even an uploaded HTML file, since it can be executed by the browser though not by the server , can pose security threats that are equivalent to XSS or CSRF attacks.

FileField instances are created in your database as varchar columns with a default max length of characters. When you access a FileField on a model, you are given an instance of FieldFile as a proxy for accessing the underlying file.

Instead, it is a wrapper around the result of the Storage. In addition to the API inherited from File such as read and write , FieldFile includes several methods that can be used to interact with the underlying file:.

Two methods of this class, save and delete , default to saving the model object of the associated FieldFile in the database. The name of the file including the relative path from the root of the Storage of the associated FileField. The result of the underlying Storage. size method. Opens or reopens the file associated with this instance in the specified mode.

Since the underlying file is opened implicitly when accessing it, it may be unnecessary to call this method except to reset the pointer to the underlying file or to change the mode.

Behaves like the standard Python file. close method and closes the file associated with this instance. This method takes a filename and file contents and passes them to the storage class for the field, then associates the stored file with the model field.

If you want to manually associate file data with FileField instances on your model, the save method is used to persist that file data. The optional save argument controls whether or not the model instance is saved after the file associated with this field has been altered. Defaults to True. Note that the content argument should be an instance of django.

You can construct a File from an existing Python file object like this:. For more information, see Managing files. Deletes the file associated with this instance and clears all attributes on the field. Note: This method will close the file if it happens to be open when delete is called. The optional save argument controls whether or not the model instance is saved after the file associated with this field has been deleted. Note that when a model is deleted, related files are not deleted.

A CharField whose choices are limited to the filenames in a certain directory on the filesystem. Has some special arguments, of which the first is required :. The absolute filesystem path to a directory from which this FilePathField should get its choices.

path may also be a callable, such as a function to dynamically set the path at runtime. A regular expression, as a string, that FilePathField will use to filter filenames. Note that the regex will be applied to the base filename, not the full path. Example: "foo. txt but not bar. txt or foo Either True or False. Specifies whether all subdirectories of path should be included.

Specifies whether files in the specified location should be included. Specifies whether folders in the specified location should be included. The one potential gotcha is that match applies to the base filename, not the full path. So, this example:. png because the match applies to the base filename foo. png and bar. FilePathField instances are created in your database as varchar columns with a default max length of characters.

A floating-point number represented in Python by a float instance. FloatField vs. The FloatField class is sometimes mixed up with the DecimalField class. Although they both represent real numbers, they represent those numbers differently. An IPv4 or IPv6 address, in string format e. The IPv6 address normalization follows RFC section For example, would be normalized to , and ::ffff:0a0a:0a0a to ::ffff All characters are converted to lowercase.

Limits valid inputs to the specified protocol. Accepted values are 'both' default , 'IPv4' or 'IPv6'. Matching is case insensitive. Unpacks IPv4 mapped addresses like ::ffff If this option is enabled that address would be unpacked to Default is disabled. Can only be used when protocol is set to 'both'. If you allow for blank values, you have to allow for null values since blank values are stored as null.

Inherits all attributes and methods from FileField , but also validates that the uploaded object is a valid image. In addition to the special attributes that are available for FileField , an ImageField also has height and width attributes. To facilitate querying on those attributes, ImageField has the following optional arguments:. Name of a model field which will be auto-populated with the height of the image each time the model instance is saved.

Name of a model field which will be auto-populated with the width of the image each time the model instance is saved. Requires the Pillow library. ImageField instances are created in your database as varchar columns with a default max length of characters. An integer. Values from to are safe in all databases supported by Django. It uses MinValueValidator and MaxValueValidator to validate the input based on the values that the default database supports.

A field for storing JSON encoded data. In Python the data is represented in its Python native format: dictionaries, lists, strings, numbers, booleans and None. JSONField is supported on MariaDB, MySQL 5. An optional json. JSONEncoder subclass to serialize data types not supported by the standard JSON serializer e. datetime or UUID. For example, you can use the DjangoJSONEncoder class. Defaults to json.

JSONDecoder subclass to deserialize the value retrieved from the database. The value will be in the format chosen by the custom encoder most often a string.

For example, you run the risk of returning a datetime that was actually a string that just happened to be in the same format chosen for datetime s. To query JSONField in the database, see Querying JSONField. Index and Field. On PostgreSQL only, you can use GinIndex that is better suited. PostgreSQL has two native JSON based data types: json and jsonb. The main difference between them is how they are stored and how they can be queried.

The jsonb field is stored based on the actual structure of the JSON which allows indexing. The trade-off is a small additional cost on writing to the jsonb field.

JSONField uses jsonb. Oracle Database does not support storing JSON scalar values. Only JSON objects and arrays represented in Python using dict and list are supported. Like a PositiveIntegerField , but only allows values under a certain database-dependent point. Values from 0 to are safe in all databases supported by Django.

Like an IntegerField , but must be either positive or zero 0. The value 0 is accepted for backward compatibility reasons. Slug is a newspaper term. A slug is a short label for something, containing only letters, numbers, underscores or hyphens. Implies setting Field. It is often useful to automatically prepopulate a SlugField based on the value of some other value. If True , the field accepts Unicode letters in addition to ASCII letters. Defaults to False.

Like an AutoField , but only allows values under a certain database-dependent limit. Values from 1 to are safe in all databases supported by Django. Like an IntegerField , but only allows values under a certain database-dependent point. A large text field. The default form widget for this field is a Textarea. However it is not enforced at the model or database level. Use a CharField for that. Oracle does not support collations for a TextField.

A time, represented in Python by a datetime. time instance. Accepts the same auto-population options as DateField. The default form widget for this field is a TimeInput.

The admin adds some JavaScript shortcuts. A CharField for a URL, validated by URLValidator. The default form widget for this field is a URLInput. A field for storing universally unique identifiers. When used on PostgreSQL, this stores in a uuid datatype, otherwise in a char The database will not generate the UUID for you, so it is recommended to use default :.

Note that a callable with the parentheses omitted is passed to default , not an instance of UUID. A many-to-one relationship. To create a recursive relationship — an object that has a many-to-one relationship with itself — use models. If you need to create a relationship on a model that has not yet been defined, you can use the name of the model, rather than the model object itself:.

To refer to models defined in another application, you can explicitly specify a model with the full application label. This sort of reference, called a lazy relationship, can be useful when resolving circular import dependencies between two applications.

A database index is automatically created on the ForeignKey. You may want to avoid the overhead of an index if you are creating a foreign key for consistency rather than joins, or if you will be creating an alternative index like a partial or multiple column index. ForeignKey accepts other arguments that define the details of how the relation works.

For example, if you have a nullable ForeignKey and you want it to be set null when the referenced object is deleted:. Support for database-level cascade options may be implemented later. models :. Cascade deletes. Django emulates the behavior of the SQL constraint ON DELETE CASCADE and also deletes the object containing the ForeignKey.

Prevent deletion of the referenced object by raising ProtectedError , a subclass of django. Prevent deletion of the referenced object by raising RestrictedError a subclass of django. Unlike PROTECT , deletion of the referenced object is allowed if it also references a different object that is being deleted in the same operation, but via a CASCADE relationship.

Artist can be deleted even if that implies deleting an Album which is referenced by a Song , because Song also references Artist itself through a cascading relationship. Set the ForeignKey null; this is only possible if null is True.

Set the ForeignKey to its default value; a default for the ForeignKey must be set. Set the ForeignKey to the value passed to SET , or if a callable is passed in, the result of calling it. In most cases, passing a callable will be necessary to avoid executing queries at the time your models. py is imported:. Take no action.

If your database backend enforces referential integrity, this will cause an IntegrityError unless you manually add an SQL ON DELETE constraint to the database field. Sets a limit to the available choices for this field when this field is rendered using a ModelForm or the admin by default, all objects in the queryset are available to choose.

Either a dictionary, a Q object, or a callable returning a dictionary or Q object can be used. This may be helpful in the Django admin. The callable form can be helpful, for instance, when used in conjunction with the Python datetime module to limit selections by date range. It may also be invoked when a model is validated, for example by management commands or the admin.

The admin constructs querysets to validate its form inputs in various edge cases multiple times, so there is a possibility your callable may be invoked several times. The name to use for the relation from the related object back to this one. See the related objects documentation for a full explanation and example. Note that you must set this value when defining relations on abstract models ; and when you do so some special syntax is available.

The name to use for the reverse filter name from the target model. The field on the related object that the relation is to.

By default, Django uses the primary key of the related object. Controls whether or not a constraint should be created in the database for this foreign key. That said, here are some scenarios where you might want to do this:. If it is True - the default - then if the ForeignKey is pointing at a model which matches the current value of settings. You only want to override this to be False if you are sure your model should always point toward the swapped-in model - for example, if it is a profile model designed specifically for your custom user model.

If in doubt, leave it to its default of True. A many-to-many relationship. Requires a positional argument: the class to which the model is related, which works exactly the same as it does for ForeignKey , including recursive and lazy relationships.

Behind the scenes, Django creates an intermediary join table to represent the many-to-many relationship. By default, this table name is generated using the name of the many-to-many field and the name of the table for the model that contains it.

ManyToManyField accepts an extra set of arguments — all optional — that control how the relationship functions. Same as ForeignKey. Instead, the ManyToManyField is assumed to be symmetrical — that is, if I am your friend, then you are my friend.

If you do not want symmetry in many-to-many relationships with self , set symmetrical to False. This will force Django to add the descriptor for the reverse relationship, allowing ManyToManyField relationships to be non-symmetrical. Django will automatically generate a table to manage many-to-many relationships. However, if you want to manually specify the intermediary table, you can use the through option to specify the Django model that represents the intermediate table that you want to use.

The most common use for this option is when you want to associate extra data with a many-to-many relationship. It has three fields to link the models. If the ManyToManyField points from and to the same model, the following fields are generated:. This class can be used to query associated records for a given model instance like a normal model:.

Only used when a custom intermediary model is specified. Django will normally determine which fields of the intermediary model to use in order to establish a many-to-many relationship automatically.

However, consider the following models:. This also applies to recursive relationships when an intermediary model is used and there are more than two foreign keys to the model, or you want to explicitly specify which two Django should use. The name of the table to create for storing the many-to-many data.

If this is not provided, Django will assume a default name based upon the names of: the table for the model defining the relationship and the name of the field itself. Controls whether or not constraints should be created in the database for the foreign keys in the intermediary table.

If it is True - the default - then if the ManyToManyField is pointing at a model which matches the current value of settings. ManyToManyField does not support validators.

Pandoc is a Haskell library for converting from one markup format to another, and a command-line tool that uses this library. Pandoc can convert between numerous markup and word processing formats, including, but not limited to, various flavors of Markdown , HTML , LaTeX and Word docx. For the full lists of input and output formats, see the --from and --to options below. Pandoc can also produce PDF output: see creating a PDF , below.

Pandoc has a modular design: it consists of a set of readers, which parse text in a given format and produce a native representation of the document an abstract syntax tree or AST , and a set of writers, which convert this native representation into a target format.

Thus, adding an input or output format requires only adding a reader or writer. Users can also run custom pandoc filters to modify the intermediate AST. Pandoc attempts to preserve the structural elements of a document, but not formatting details such as margin size. If no input-files are specified, input is read from stdin. Output goes to stdout by default. For output to a file, use the -o option:. By default, pandoc produces a document fragment.

To produce a standalone document e. For more information on how standalone documents are produced, see Templates below. If multiple input files are given, pandoc will concatenate them all with blank lines between them before parsing. Use --file-scope to parse files individually. The format of the input and output can be specified explicitly using command-line options. Thus, to convert hello. txt from Markdown to LaTeX, you could type:.

Supported input and output formats are listed below under Options see -f for input formats and -t for output formats. You can also use pandoc --list-input-formats and pandoc --list-output-formats to print lists of supported formats. If the input or output format is not specified explicitly, pandoc will attempt to guess it from the extensions of the filenames. Thus, for example,. will convert hello. txt from Markdown to LaTeX. Pandoc uses the UTF-8 character encoding for both input and output.

If your local character encoding is not UTF-8, you should pipe input and output through iconv :. To produce a PDF, specify an output file with a.

pdf extension:. By default, pandoc will use LaTeX to create the PDF, which requires that a LaTeX engine be installed see --pdf-engine below. Alternatively, pandoc can use ConTeXt, roff ms, or HTML as an intermediate format. To do this, specify an output file with a. pdf extension, as before, but add the --pdf-engine option or -t context , -t html , or -t ms to the command line. The tool used to generate the PDF from the intermediate format may be specified using --pdf-engine. You can control the PDF style using variables, depending on the intermediate format used: see variables for LaTeX , variables for ConTeXt , variables for wkhtmltopdf , variables for ms.

When HTML is used as an intermediate format, the output can be styled using --css. To debug the PDF creation, it can be useful to look at the intermediate representation: instead of -o test. pdf , use for example -s -o test. tex to output the generated LaTeX. You can then test it with pdflatex test. When using LaTeX, the following packages need to be available they are included with all recent versions of TeX Live : amsfonts , amsmath , lm , unicode-math , iftex , listings if the --listings option is used , fancyvrb , longtable , booktabs , graphicx if the document contains images , hyperref , xcolor , ulem , geometry with the geometry variable set , setspace with linestretch , and babel with lang.

If CJKmainfont is set, xeCJK is needed. The use of xelatex or lualatex as the PDF engine requires fontspec. lualatex uses selnolig. xelatex uses bidi with the dir variable set. If the mathspec variable is set, xelatex will use mathspec instead of unicode-math. The upquote and microtype packages are used if available, and csquotes will be used for typography if the csquotes variable or metadata field is set to a true value. The natbib , biblatex , bibtex , and biber packages can optionally be used for citation rendering.

The following packages will be used to improve output quality if present, but pandoc does not require them to be present: upquote for straight quotes in verbatim environments , microtype for better spacing adjustments , parskip for better inter-paragraph spaces , xurl for better line breaks in URLs , bookmark for better PDF bookmarks , and footnotehyper or footnote to allow footnotes in tables. Instead of an input file, an absolute URI may be given.

In this case pandoc will fetch the content using HTTP:. It is possible to supply a custom User-Agent string or other header when requesting a document from a URL:. See Extensions below, for a list of extensions and their names. See --list-input-formats and --list-extensions , below. Note that odt , docx , epub , and pdf output will not be directed to stdout unless forced with -o -. See --list-output-formats and --list-extensions , below.

Write output to FILE instead of stdout. If FILE is - , output will go to stdout , even if a non-textual format docx , odt , epub2 , epub3 is specified.

Specify the user data directory to search for pandoc data files. If this option is not specified, the default user data directory will be used. pandoc exists, it will be used for backwards compatibility. You can find the default user data directory on your system by looking at the output of pandoc --version. Data files placed in this directory for example, reference. odt , reference.

docx , epub. Specify a set of default option settings. FILE is a YAML file whose fields correspond to command-line option settings. All options for document conversion, including input and output files, can be set using a defaults file. The file will be searched for first in the working directory, and then in the defaults subdirectory of the user data directory see --data-dir. yaml extension may be omitted. See the section Defaults files for more information on the file format.

Settings from the defaults file may be overridden or extended by subsequent options on the command line. Generate a bash completion script. To enable bash completion with pandoc, add this to your. bashrc :. Write log messages in machine-readable JSON format to FILE. All messages above DEBUG level will be written, regardless of verbosity settings --verbose , --quiet. List supported styles for syntax highlighting, one per line. See --highlight-style. Shift heading levels by a positive or negative integer.

Headings cannot have a level less than 1, so a heading that would be shifted below level 1 becomes a regular paragraph. Exception: with a shift of -N, a level-N heading at the beginning of the document replaces the metadata title. Specify the base level for headings defaults to 1. Ignore paragraphs with no content. This option is useful for converting word processing documents where users have used empty paragraphs to create inter-paragraph space.

Specify classes to use for indented code blocks—for example, perl,numberLines or haskell. Multiple classes may be separated by spaces or commas.

This allows you to use the same source for formats that require different kinds of images. Currently this option only affects the Markdown and LaTeX readers. Parse each file individually before combining for multifile documents. This will allow footnotes in different files with the same identifiers to work as expected.

If this option is set, footnotes and links will not work across files. Reading binary files docx, odt, epub implies --file-scope.

Specify an executable to be used as a filter transforming the pandoc AST after the input is parsed and before the output is written. The executable should read JSON from stdin and write JSON to stdout.

The name of the output format will be passed to the filter as the first argument. Filters may be written in any language.

JSON exports toJSONFilter to facilitate writing filters in Haskell. Those who would prefer to write filters in python can use the module pandocfilters , installable from PyPI.

Causes newlines within a paragraph to be ignored, rather than being treated as spaces or as hard line breaks, when they occur between two East Asian wide characters. A field for storing universally unique identifiers. For each name, the first layout found with that name will be used. Converts a value as returned by the database to a Python object. Download third-party editing extensions from the Mac App Store to add filters and texture effects, use retouching tools, reduce noise, and more.

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